Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Current Situation in Sudan
Abeer M. Abass
Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Alamarat, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
Muna E. Ahmed *
Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Alamarat, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
Ishraga G. Ibrahim
Department of Chemistry, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Alamarat, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
S. A. Yahia
Department of Bacteriology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Alamarat, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: This work was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria of human and animal origin to commonly used antibiotics in Sudan according to the previous studies on antimicrobial resistant.
Study Design: Data were collected from relevant studies for both human and animal sectors published during 2001 to 2017 and met the inclusion criteria. Examined samples includes: serum, urine, milk, stool, abscesses and tissue sample.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Khartoum State Sudan during 2016-2017.
Methodology: The data collected in this study were obtained from different educational institution and research centers located in Khartoum State and previous reports related to antimicrobial resistant.
Results: Escherichia coli (E. coli) Klebsiella spp. Proteus spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and Salmonella enteritidis (Sal. enteritidis) were the most commonly encountered organism. Most of the studied organisms were highly resistance to: chloramphenicol, penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin (10%), sulbactam, cefotaxime (30%), nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, colistin sulphate and streptomycin, vancomycin, imipenem, amikacin (30%), and tobramycin. While Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin (30%), and Linezolid were the antibiotics with the highest activity against isolated organism.
Conclusion: The currently data, suggested that the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of most common Gram positive and Gram negative organisms causing diseases are similar to other countries. Clinicians should be aware of the existing data and treat patients according to the susceptibility patterns. Further studies are wanted from all over the country because there is limited published data.
Keywords: Antibiotics, resistant, bacteria, gram positive, gram negative, Sudan, current